Use a hyphen in compound numbers and fractions used as adjectives. Use a hyphen after any prefix joined to a proper noun or a proper adjective. Use a hyphen after the prefixes all-, ex-, and self- joined to a noun or adjective, the prefix anti- joined to a word beginning with i-, and the prefix vice- except in the case of vice president.
Use dashes to signal a break or change in thought. I received a letter from Aunt Carla—you have never met her—saying she is coming to visit. Use parentheses to set off supplemental material. Punctuate within the parentheses only if the punctuation is part of the parenthetical expression. Place one gallon 3. Soga, Ph. Quentin Use the abbreviations A. Abbreviate numerical measurements in scientific writing but not in ordinary prose.
The newborn snakes measured 3. Pour 45 ml warm water into the beaker. Spell out cardinal and ordinal numbers that can be written in one or two words or that appear at the beginning of a sentence.
Two hundred twenty runners crossed the finish line. Observers counted forty-nine sandhill cranes. Express all related numbers in a sentence as numerals if any one should be expressed as a numeral.
There were volunteers, but only 9 showed up because of the bad weather. Spell out ordinal numbers. Nina won third place in the spelling bee. Use words for decades, for amounts of money that can be written in one or two words and for the approximate time of day or when A. Use numerals for dates; for decimals; for house, apartment, and room numbers; for street or avenue numbers; for telephone numbers; for page numbers; for percentages; for sums of money involving both dollars and cents; and to emphasize the exact time of day or when A.
Clues to the meaning of an unfamiliar word can be found in its context. Context clues include definitions, the meaning stated; example, the meaning explained through one familiar case; comparison, similarity to a familiar word; contrast, opposite of a familiar word; and cause and effect, a reason and its results.
The meaning of a word can be obtained from its base word, its prefix, or its suffix. The i comes before the e, except when both letters follow a c or when both letters are pronounced together as an a — sound. However, many exceptions exist to this rule.
An unstressed vowel is a vowel sound that is not emphasized when the word is pronounced. Determine how to spell this sound by comparing it to a known word. When joining a prefix that ends in the same letter as the word, keep both consonants. When adding a suffix that begins with a consonant to a word that ends in silent e, generally keep the e. If the suffix begins with a vowel or y, generally drop the e. If the suffix begins with a or o and the word ends in ce or ge, keep the e.
If the suffix begins with a vowel and the word ends in ee or oe, keep the e. When adding -ly to a word that ends in a single l, keep the l. If it ends in a double l, drop one l. When forming compound words, maintain the spelling of both words. Most nouns form their plurals by adding -s. However, nouns that end in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z form plurals by adding -es.
If the noun ends in -lf, change f to v and add -es. If the noun ends in -fe, change f to v and add -s. To form the plural of proper names and one-word compound nouns, follow the general rules for plurals.
To form the plural of hyphenated compound nouns or compound nouns of more than one word, make the most important word plural. Wilsons Diazes housekeepers sisters-in-law editors-in-chief Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. Use prewriting to find ideas to write about. One form of prewriting, freewriting, starts with a subject or topic and branches off into related ideas.
Another way to find a topic is to ask and answer questions about your starting subject, helping you to gain a deeper understanding of your chosen topic. Also part of the prewriting stage is determining who your readers or audience will be and deciding your purpose for writing. To complete your first draft, organize your prewriting into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Concentrate on unity and coherence of the overall piece. Revise your composition if necessary.
Read through your draft, looking for places to improve content and structure. Remember that varying your sentence patterns and lengths will make your writing easier and more enjoyable to read. In the editing stage, check your grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Focus on expressing your ideas clearly and concisely.
Finally, prepare your writing for presentation. Sharing your composition, or ideas, with others may take many forms: printed, oral, or graphic. Outlining 1. The two common forms of outlines are sentence outlines and topic outlines. Choose one type of outline and keep it uniform throughout. A period follows the number or letter of each division.
Each point in a sentence outline ends with a period; the points in a topic outline do not. Each point begins with a capital letter. A point may have no fewer than two subpoints. This is the main point. Main point A. This is a subpoint of I.
Subpoint of I 1. This is a detail of A. Detail of A a. This is a detail of 1. Detail of 1 b. Detail of 1 2. Detail of A B.
Subpoint of I II. This is another main point. Main point Writing Letters 1. Personal letters are usually handwritten in indented form first line of paragraphs, each line of the heading and inside address, and the signature are indented. Business letters are usually typewritten in block or semiblock form. Block form contains no indents; semiblock form indents only the first line of each paragraph.
Reveal your personality and imagination in colorful personal letters. Keep business letters brief, clear, and courteous. Personal letters include letters to friends and family members. Thank-you notes and invitations are personal letters that may be either formal or informal in style. Use a letter of request, a type of business letter, to ask for information or to place an order. Be concise, yet give all the details necessary for your request to be fulfilled. Keep the tone of your letter courteous, and be generous in allotting time for a response.
Use an opinion letter to take a firm stand on an issue. Make the letter clear, firm, rational, and purposeful.
Be aware of your audience, their attitude, how informed they are, and their possible reactions to your opinion. Support your statements of opinion with facts. Hoped it was lasagna. Was hot and tired afterward. Arrived just in the nick of time. She hoped it was lasagna. I jogged around the park twice.
I was hot and tired afterward. Li Cheng raced to the bus stop. He arrived just in the nick of time. Make a complete sentence by adding a subject to the fragment. His assistant after lunch. The ants around in constant motion. Mammoth Cave. His assistant helped after lunch. Troubleshooter Ant farms are fascinating. The ants crawl around in constant motion. Our class went on a field trip. Mammoth Cave was our destination. Make a complete sentence by adding a predicate. In the nursery.
The whole house smelled fresh and clean. In the morning. The noisy chatter of the squirrels awakened us early in the morning. Combine the fragment with another sentence. Need More help in avoiding sentence More fragments is available in Lesson 5. They are next to the salad bar. Make two sentences by separating the first clause from the second with end punctuation, such as a period or a question mark, and starting the second sentence with a capital letter.
Place a semicolon between the main clauses of the sentence. She passed her exam. Troubleshooter Make two sentences out of the run-on sentence.
Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction between the main clauses. Julian gazed at the moon, and he marveled at its brightness. Add a comma before the coordinating conjunction.
Need More help in avoiding run-on More sentences is available in Help? Lesson 6. The house in the suburbs was just what she wanted. Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject of the sentence, not with the object of a preposition. The object of a preposition is never the subject. Troubleshooter There are the pencils you were looking for. Here are the snapshots from our vacation to the Grand Canyon.
In sentences that begin with here or there, look for the subject after the verb. Make sure that the verb agrees with the subject. Many of the movies were black and white. None of the leaves are turning colors yet.
Some indefinite pronouns are singular, some are plural, and some can be either singular or plural. Determine whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or plural, and make the verb agree.
Use a plural verb if the parts of the compound subject do not belong to one unit or if they refer to different people or things. Use a singular verb if the parts of the compound subject belong to one unit or if they refer to the same person or thing. Troubleshooter Neither pepper nor spices improve the flavor of this sauce. Either Caroline or Robin volunteers at the local food pantry. Make the verb agree with the subject that is closer to it. Need More help with subject-verb More agreement is available in Help?
Lessons 50— They sailed last month for Barbados. Sally and James landed at the airport yesterday. To form the past tense and the past participle, add -ed to a regular verb. Troubleshooter Trent drank all the orange juice.
The evening breeze blew the clouds away. Irregular verbs vary in their past and past participle forms. Look up the ones you are not sure of. Consider memorizing them if you feel it is necessary. Use the past participle form of an irregular verb, and not its past form, when you use the auxiliary verb have.
Henry ran with Philip, but Philip was faster. When Sarah visits Corinne, Corinne is glad for the company. Substitute a noun for the pronoun to make your sentence clearer. Troubleshooter Nina and they bought theater tickets yesterday. Karen and I heard the good news on the television. Use a subject pronoun as the subject part of a sentence. The new signs confused Clark and them. Grant wrote her a letter of apology. An object pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition.
Lessons 22— Literature is my best subject. The words better and best are the comparative and superlative forms of the word good. Do not use the words more or most before the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives. Do not use the suffixes -er or -est after the irregular forms of comparative and superlative adjectives. Do not use -er and more together. Need More help with the correct use More of adjectives is available in Help?
Lessons 28— Jake ate dinner, watched a movie, and visited friends. If there are three or more items in a series, use a comma after each item except the last one. The interrupting words are also followed by a comma. The old lane, a tree-lined gravel path, is a great place to walk on a hot afternoon. Decide whether the appositive is truly essential to the meaning of the sentence. If it is not essential, set it off with commas. Decide whether the clause is truly essential to the meaning of the sentence.
If it is not essential, then set it off with commas. Place a comma after an introductory adverbial clause. Need More help with commas is More available in Lessons 73— Place an apostrophe before a final -s to form the possessive of a singular noun, even one that ends in -s.
Use an apostrophe by itself to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in -s. When a plural noun does not end in -s, use an apostrophe and an -s to form the possessive of the noun.
Troubleshooter Do not use apostrophes with possessive personal pronouns. Use an apostrophe to form the contraction of it is. Need More help with apostrophes More and possessives is available in Help? Lessons 10 and Capitalize proper nouns and adjectives referring to ethnic groups, nationalities, and languages. Need More help with capitalization is More available in Lessons 68— Different kinds of sentences have different purposes.
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a question mark.
Grammar My hobby is reading mystery books. Have you ever played a mandolin? Sleet and ice kept us housebound last weekend. Do you know how to word process? How much do these sweaters cost? Those shelves smell like lemon oil. Do you think my hair is too long? Tamara worked long hours to finish her painting. Was the English test difficult? Da-chun and his dad won the sack race.
I think blue is my favorite color. The rusty hinges creaked as Grant opened the old door. Were you born in Montana, or did you move here? Could you help me with my homework tonight? Jane wiped her hand across her forehead. Clear expression is an art. Grandma is the computer games champion in our family.
Have you ever seen purple cotton candy? Did the squirrels eat all the tulip bulbs? Add correct punctuation and capitalization where needed. Grammar dec. Have you met Nadine? Can you name that tune? Zahara is visiting with her aunt this week. Ricardo makes dinner on Tuesdays while his mom studies.
Mirna lives in the apartment above Mrs. Have you taken any classes at the art museum? Will you make a copy of that photograph for me? Kenny walked across the floor on his hands. Have you heard Amelia sing her solo? Did you see that boy in the plumed hat? It begins with a capital letter and ends with an exclamation point.
I aced the test! Its subject is not stated directly, but is understood to be you. Imperative sentences also begin with a capital letter and usually end with a period. A strong command may end with Grammar an exclamation point. You Put your essay on my desk when you are finished. If a sentence is neither exclamatory nor imperative, write neither. Choose one and then pass the rest along.
Please keep this to yourself. I can do it myself! Run away from trouble. Leave the dance before midnight. Have you ever ridden in a hot-air balloon?
Call in an emergency. This really makes me angry! Be particularly careful with this antique clock. We won! Be careful! Rhoda just set a record for the broad jump! The dense grass felt like smooth carpet. Let me try! Listen to me! Wear protective clothing. Kiss the Blarney Stone before you leave Ireland. Remember to stand when Dr. Chou enters the room. Grammar exc. Please pass the honey.
Joachim dressed as a chocolate bar for the costume party. Are you interested in going to a movie? Move the picnic table to the shade. Apricot jam is a good glaze for baked ham. How clever of you! Be alert to rapidly changing weather conditions. Give me a chance! I don't believe it! Be careful. Never disturb nesting birds. Tuck your pants inside your socks when hiking. Our new neighbors moved in yesterday. Define the word monsoon. Did you notice the price of that saddle?
There is a Thai restaurant around the corner from us. Hold that pose while I adjust the camera lens. What a mess your room is! Raise the flag at sunrise. The subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about. The predicate of the sentence tells what the subject does or has. It can also tell what the subject is or is like. Grammar The simple subject, usually a noun or a pronoun, is the main word or group of words in the complete subject.
The complete subject is the simple subject with all of its modifiers. The simple predicate, which is always a verb, is the main word or group of words in the complete predicate. The complete predicate is the simple predicate with all of its modifiers. Underline each simple subject once and each simple predicate twice. Ireland is known as the Emerald Isle. The rolling, green landscape glows against its blue backdrop. Mild temperatures keep the lush vegetation deep green. Regular rainfall keeps the soil dark and moist.
Trees once added greatly to the greenness. Little woodland remains in Ireland today, however. Farmlands cover most of central Ireland. Many mountain ranges rise near the coasts. Kerry is a beautiful area of lakes and mountains.
William Butler Yeats started this theater. Yeats was a memorable Irish poet and dramatist. He lived during the time known as the Irish Literary Revival. Grammar Joyce is the most famous of the three. He often wrote about Dublin and about the Irish people.
The influence of Irish writers extended beyond their native country. George Bernard Shaw was popular in English and American theaters. Oscar Wilde also found fame in England and the United States. Several Irish painters perfected their craft with the help of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Artists from Ireland produced great treasures over the years. Each captured the beauty of the Emerald Isle. Two or more simple subjects that have the same predicate form a compound subject. The subjects are joined by and, or, or but.
Keisha or Alex can fix that bike for you. A compound predicate has two or more simple predicates, or verbs, that have the same subject. The simple predicates are connected by and, or, or but. Grammar Wasps drink nectar and eat other insects. Draw two lines under each part of a compound predicate. Furniture and knickknacks were available at the craft show. Sally and Mike will lead the parade.
The people in the village first resisted but then accepted the new factory. New carpet or wallpaper would brighten this old kitchen. Before the show, Simon and Ashley practiced their dialogue.
The lucky quarter rolled and bounced down the steps. Lindsay and Neil filled food baskets for the homeless in their community. The speaker hesitated but soon began his presentation.
Sleet or rain is predicted for the tri-state area tonight. Jake baked brownies and cooked pasta for the surprise party. Lawson wrote, directed, and produced this musical. The crowd called and waved to the three astronauts. Leave your jacket on the coat rack or hang it in the closet.
In the program, Claire and Sue were listed before Scott. Crocuses or daylilies would grow well there. Basil, olive oil, and spinach are used in that recipe. Our soccer team played hard but lost the game in the last minute. Joan, Tom, or Wing will head the decorations committee.
On election day, the levy will pass or fail. Cake and ice cream were served to all the guests. Alligators or sea lions will be the topic of her report. Books, clothes, and other items had been collected and sold at the fundraiser. Sven hurried but missed his plane. Tarini writes or phones every participant in the study once a week.
The pinch hitter swung at every pitch but missed the ball each time. The Thomases and the Jordans are planning a trip to Costa Rica. How do people get infected? People can get Salmonella infection from a variety of sources, including Eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water Touching infected animals, their feces, or their environment Who is more likely to get an infection and severe illness?
Children under 5 years old are the most likely to get a Salmonella infection. Infants children younger than 12 months who are not breast fed are more likely to get a Salmonella infection. Infants, adults aged 65 and older, and people with a weakened immune system are the most likely to have severe infections. People taking certain medicines for example, stomach acid reducers are at increased risk of infection. What should I know about antibiotic resistance and Salmonella?
What can be done to prevent antibiotic resistance and resistant bacteria? How common is Salmonella infection? Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, Atlanta, GA: U. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Atlanta, Georgia: U. Reactive arthritis: clinical aspects and medical management external icon.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. Related Links. Follow Salmonella. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
It is up to your main character to decipher the code and find out the meaning of these symbols. But only the rich and important people are offered this treatment. Write a monologue scene from the point of view of one of the ugly step-sisters in Cinderella.
During a football game, the ball falls into the forest behind your school. When you go to find the ball, you discover small fairy-like creatures in the forest. No-one believes you when you try telling them, but you know the truth. Suddenly out of the blue their father turns up asking for a place to stay.
For centuries humans have evolved. From apes to modern-day men and women. This evolution has not stopped. In the year, , some humans have special abilities or superpowers, such as mind-reading powers or the ability to fly. This has caused great destruction on Earth. After a huge argument, you learn your parents are getting a divorce. Your mom wants you to stay with her, while your dad wants you to come with him.
What will you do? Write a short story about a magpie with a stealing problem. Dragons are at war with humans. While foraging for food near the mountains you find a small ice dragon that helps hunt for food. Together you end the war between dragons and humans.
Scientists invent a teleportation machine which allows people to travel all over the world within a few seconds. However, the machine goes bust and starts sending people into different dimensions.
Complete the following story starter: The music stops, everyone turns around and they see… After the death of your uncle, you inherit his magical sword. When held in a fighting position, the sword turns you into a legendary superhero, called the crimson knight. A family camping trip gets dangerous when a pack of wolves start circling your tents in the middle of the night. Cats and dogs rule the world and humans are their pets. Little Red Riding meets the wolf in the forest.
Instead of being scared of him, they become close friends. Later that night when you are alone in the house, the pumpkins start talking to you with the mouth you carved on them. After years of getting all the attention from your parents. Your parents bring home a baby boy and now it seems like no-one even notices you anymore. Known as the Floral Slayer, there is a serial killer on the loose. Why are they doing this and who can stop them? When the world is about to end, a superhero and supervillain must work together to save it.
A poem dedicated to your mother. Going to Paris on holiday. Dedication poem to your favourite celebrity. The creepy shadows in your room remind you of… What is life like on a fluffy white cloud? Being on stage with everyone looking at you.
Can you think of some common stereotypes that people have of women? Why are these stereotypes wrong? For example, some people think women should stay at home and not work — do you agree or disagree with this statement? Think about something your mom is always saying and write down how you can help out.
You then hear a calm whisper from one of the seashells. We all heard the legend of mermaids and the loch ness monster. But can you write your own legend about a mysterious sea creature? Write a limerick about the summer sun. Write one journal entry into your nature journal about the great outdoors. Your favourite celebrity is about to give a talk on violence against pets. Can you help them by writing a powerful speech for their talk?
Your new pet dog has superpowers! What are its powers? Write a short story which must include the following items: Vanilla Ice-Cream, Jam Sandwiches and a monkey. You are the manager of your favourite football team. Create a game plan on how they can win their next game. Crystal was one of the most powerful witches of all-time. She defeated many evil warlocks and villains. Is she really a witch or is she just crazy? After reading a forbidden book, the most horrific and disgusting creatures from hell crossover to Earth.
A boy helps out an old lady, in return, he is given magical powers. Instead of using his powers for good, he uses it to destroy the world.
Scientists accidentally create a vaccine which gives humans super strength, along with other traits. A hurricane destroyed a whole city. Write a story about a search and rescue dog. You find out that your cat is actually the king of a secret kingdom of cats. Who created these statues and why? Is anything hiding inside this creepy wardrobe?
A giant winged man is attacking the city. Write from the perspective of this winged man. Imagine if you could fly. Where would you go? What would you do with your power? Write a short story including the following elements: An elephant, a balloon, pyjamas and a watermelon. Walking in a scary forest you find a house that looks like a shoe. The story of three evil pears out to rule the world.
Your main character is a cat, which is also a spy. How do rabbits celebrate a holiday like Easter? Write a story about a cat who is best friends with three mice.
The story of seven ducks and their ducklings travelling to Great Britain for the winter. You are a parrot for an evil pirate named Captain Stallion. Your main character is a forest witch. Her job is to keep the forest alive. One day some outsiders come to destroy the forest.
Your favourite board game pieces come alive. Are these emojis in prison and why? Write a story about King Mica, leader of the street cat family. Why is that robot alien chasing down humans? Welcome to the Gecko School. What do you think these Geckos are learning? The biography of a self-conscious robot. Pick a character from this image and write a story from their perspective. Princess Liana can control dragons and other mythical creatures through music.
The friendship between a monkey and a socially awkward woman. A young deaf boy befriends a street cat. Army of rubber ducks taking over the world. A pet food company creates a new food product, where your pets keep growing and growing. One day in the park, a portal opens and out comes a medieval knight in shiny armour.
A new breed of turtles that can carry mermaids and other sea creatures in their shell. Your new headteacher is a dog. What are these two kittens looking at? What is their relationship with each other? Write a story inspired by this picture.
What is she touching in the snow? How did she end up here? Is she upset and why? Your main character is a silly goat causing trouble everywhere they go. A cat becomes friends with two ducks. What adventures do they go on together? Two sisters — one evil and one good. Describe this setting and use it in your next short story. A posh dog who loves to dress up. A witch who has the power to control the ocean. What is this cat thinking? Write a story about a lost and lonely robot.
What is this strange marking? Where did it come from? A witch lost in the Amazon Rain forest. What does this huge mysterious cube do and why is it here? In a fantasy world, humans ride dolphins around.
Whats happening in this image? Who are those kids and what are they stealing? Write a character profile for the person in this drawing. Who is this boy and what happened to his cart? The relationship between the moon and the sun. Your main character is an underwater fairy. Write a story set in a busy street market or fair. Tell the story of a family of Venus flytraps. Imagine if each raindrop had a whole world inside it.
Maisie sat with her toes deep in the sand, thinking about her future. What would happen next? Now that everyone knows her secret. Complete the following story starter: Soon I will be powerful enough to beat them all! Write a story including the following elements: A lobster, two pairs of socks and a party balloon. Use a good memory from your life as inspiration for your next story.
Use a bad memory from your life as inspiration for your next story. Complete the following story starter: The nightmares never ended for Clara. Write a story including the following elements: Your favourite celebrity, a hobby you enjoy doing and your dream holiday destination.
Rewrite your favourite fairytale. Rewrite the lyrics of your favourite song. But this time make it all about food! Write a scary story about an evil prince who collects bugs. Write a short biography of a beautiful lady who ages 10 years in one day. Describe to your friend a brainy rockstar who hates school. Describe a day in the life of an old owl who tries to get into the Guinness Book of World.
Write a rhyming story about an old movie star who collects bugs. Make up a conversation you might have with a nerdy alien who lives on a faraway planet. Describe the personality of a self-conscious fox who wants to win a dance contest. Write a short biography of an evil dragon who won a million pounds. Write a funny story about an ugly knight who tries to get into the Guinness Book of World. Make up a conversation you might have with a self-conscious ogre who discovers they have superpowers.
Write a travel log for a devious dentist who is lost on an island. Describe the appearance of a smelly alien who gets lost in the Amazon rainforest. Write a detective story about a million-year-old zombie who is always getting into trouble with their parents. Describe to your friend a devious pirate who discovers a talking frog. Write a rhyming story about a smelly prince who has to save the world.
Describe a very unusual day for a nerdy witch who has to save the world.
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